Scientific assessment of ephedra species ephedra spp. Each document posted on the site includes a link to the corresponding official pdf file on govinfo. It belongs to the family ephedraceae and is found on sandy seashores, in temperate climates of both hemispheres. Ma huang, ephedra, chinese ephedra, and epitonin are several names used for botanical ingredients, primarily from ephedra sinica stapf, ephedra equisetina bunge, ephedra intermedia var. Ephedra distachya, ephedraceae, new record, stara planina mountains, flora of serbia. The variable content and ratio between secondary metabolites determined in different.
Plants are singlesexed, male and female plants are required for fruiting. Figure 1 the gymnosperm ephedra sinica, after drawings by h riedl. Ephedra containing supplements are banned for sale in the united. Department of agriculture agricultural research service. Ephedra and ephedrine complementary and alternative. Microspores are formed in male flowers while megaspores are formed in female flowers. The various species of ephedra are widespread in many lands, native to southwestern north america, southern europe, northern africa, southwest and central asia, northern china and. It produced symptoms when twenty drops of a strong alcoholic extract were taken five times a day. Pdf ephedrae herba mahuang in chinese, the herbal stems of ephedra sinica stapf, which belongs to the ephedraceae family, is an. An ephedra distachya in nahilalakip ha genus nga ephedra, ngan familia nga ephedraceae. Supplements containing ephedra extracts are a popular herbal stimulant. Subshrubs very small, to 815 cm, lacking conspicuous, woody stems above ground, only with several woody basal branches 12 cm. Pdf this study provides new information on phylogenetic relationships in the ephedra distachya e.
Checklist eflora home people search help actkey hu cards glossary eflora home people search help actkey hu cards glossary. It may be combined with herbs containing caffeine such as guarana or with other substances in these supplements. Ephedra distachya is a shrub in the family ephedraceae that stands about 25 cm to 50 cm high. This final rule applies to dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids, including, but not limited to, those from the botanical species ephedra sinica stapf, ephedra equisetina bunge, ephedra intermedia var. Ephedra products contain ephedra haulm or extracts of ephedra haulm and their ephedra alkaloid content differs widely. It is also used by some athletes who believe it can improve their performance. Ephedra distachya sea grape, jointfir pfaf plant database.
Herb seeds the raw ephedra has strong effect on inducing sweating and dispelling exogenous evils, inducing diuresis to alleviate edema, and it mainly use to cure cold empirical syndrome, choking sensation in the chest, asthmatic cough, wind water puffy swelling, rheumatism pain, dorsal furuncle, subcutaneous. The main use of ephedra in popular culture is as an energy booster, but that name can be slightly deceptive. Ephedrine can be produced by chemical synthesis and in its pure form. Ephedra is dioecious, and the two sex organs are present on different plants. Some asian species have been used as a source of the stimulant ephedrine, and many are important in herbal medicine. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page.
Ephedra definition, any of various plants of the genus ephedra, growing in dry regions and having branching stems with dry scalelike leaves. Extreme apathy was produced, stiffneck, and backward pulling of whole. Ephedra distachya herb uses, benefits, cures, side effects. It is the source of ephedrine alkaloids and has an extremely long history of use in china. A molecular phylogenetic study of the ephedra distachya e.
Ephedra distachya botanischer garten, frankfurt am main dsc02516. Ephedra genus definition of ephedra genus by the free. Ephedra foeminea, sister to the remaining species of the genus, is entomophilous and pollinated by a range of diurnal and nocturnal insects. Legal alternatives to ephedra much of the ephedra has been discontinued however there is one product that is marketed for asthma that is still allowed to contain it. Ephedra distachya is used to relieve acute muscular and rheumatic pains when it is called teamsters tea, as a stimulant, and in the cardio tonics in ayurveda. Pdf a molecular phylogenetic study of the ephedra distachya. Ephedra, genus of 65 species of gymnosperm shrubs of the family ephedraceae. Habitats with sea grape ephedra distachya on the dunes of. The board of trustees of the royal botanic gardens, kew. The shrub grows in many parts of the world, including southern and central. The record derives from wcsp data supplied on 20120323 which reports it as an accepted name record 332906 with original publication details.
In greece, it is restricted to coastal areas of the northeast strid, 1996, and the flora hellenica database. The various species of ephedra are widespread in many lands, native to southwestern north america, southern europe, northern africa, southwest and central asia, northern china and western south america. Ephedraceae in world checklist of selected plant families. Pdf anatomical, chemical, and molecular genetic studies of. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Ephedra genus synonyms, ephedra genus pronunciation, ephedra genus translation, english dictionary definition of ephedra genus. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license.
A taxonomic genus within the family ephedraceae many asiatic shrubs, some of which have medicinal uses. Names of ephedra distachya in various languages of the world are also given. Pdf chemical composition of various ephedra species. Ephedra is heterosporous produces two types of spores. Uses, benefits, cures, side effects, nutrients in ephedra distachya. Ephedra distachya is widely distributed from central asia to western europe markgraf, 1964. These species grow in dry climate over wide areas of the northern hemisphere including north america,europe, north africa, and south west and central asia. Sea grape ephedra distachya communities taking part of the habitat type 2 fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation grey dunes, subtype 16. Meaning, reproduction and economic importance gnetales. Ephedra is used in many overthecounter weight loss products. Pdf distribution of the genus ephedra ephedraceae in calabria. This species appears to have once been naturalised on the eastern shores of port phillip bay. Aug 05, 2019 the whole ephedra sinica plant has traditionally been used to treat symptoms of bronchial asthma, colds, influenza, allergies, and hives in teas or tinctures. Data from 50 trials did show, however, that ephedra and ephedrine are associated with 2 to 3fold increases in psychiatric symptoms such as irritability and anxiety, autonomic symptoms jitteriness, trouble sleeping, upset stomach, and heart palpitations.
Ephedra distachya in the germplasm resources information network grin, u. Gymnosperms of north america update, database version 2010 acquired. Ephedra distachya, nested in the core clade of ephedra, is anemophilous, which is probably the prevailing state in ephedra. This prototype edition of the daily federal register on federalregister. List of various diseases cured by ephedra distachya.
The plant has stamens and pistils on separate flowers. This ephedra is extremely hardy, surviving deep freezes and very high temperatures. Ephedra compounds, mainly ephedrine are used for a variety of medicinal purposes. The zoroastrians of india import ephedra from yazd, as well as ephedra procera from the hari river valley in afghanistan, when available, for use as haoma. Seu uso medicinal esta documentado desde ha cinco mil anos na china, onde esta erva e conhecida pelo nome ma huang. And no studies were found that evaluated ephedra use for enhancing athletic performance. The shrub grows in many parts of the world, including southern and central europe and western and central asia. Ephedra is reputed to be the worlds oldest medicine and has reportedly been found buried in a 60,000 year old middle eastern neolithic grave in shanidar iraqi kurdistan. How ephedra distachya is effective for various diseases is listed in repertory format. Ephedra is a low stalky shrub with jointed green to brown stems and tiny unnoticeable leaves. Final rule declaring dietary supplements containing ephedrine. From near extinction to diversification by means of a shift.
By comparing the ratio between the secondary metabolites, it can be concluded that species with a higher tac are richer in tpc and tfc, as well. Ginklasipika han iucn an species komo diri gud kababarakan. Ephedra is an evolutionally isolated group and is the only genus in the order ephedrales. Updated for itis by the flora of north america expertise network, in connection with an update for usda plants 20072010 reference for.
Chemical composition of various ephedra species ncbi. Because of adverse events and lack of efficacy, use is not recommended for weight loss or increased athletic performance. Ephedra distachya is used to relieve acute muscular and rheumatic pains when it is called teamsters. Ephedra distachya is an evergreen shrub growing to 1 m 3ft 3in by 1 m 3ft 3in. The species is dioecious individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required.
Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in its family, ephedraceae, and order, ephedrales. Ephedra can also cause less serious side effects including dizziness, restlessness, anxiety, irritability, heart pounding, headache, loss of appetite, nausea. The fda regulates ephedrine, the synthesized form of ephedra. The actual quantity may also differ considerably from that stated. There are two 1911 specimens labelled as being from sandringham and north brighton, the latter noted as having been poisoned.
Ephedra is a shrub that grows about 25 cm to 50 cm high. Ephedra commonly known as joint pine, joint fir, mormon tea or brigham tea is the only genus in family ephedraceae and order ephedrales. Interpretation manual of european union hab itats eur. In romania a single species of ephedraceae family occurs ephedra distachya l. Uses, side effects, interactions, dosage, and warning.
Ephedra and its active compound ephedrine, stimulate the heart and increase blood flow, which energizes the body and keeps muscles fresh with blood and. Ephedra distachya seed zhong wei horticultural products. Ephedra is a plantbased substance from the herb ephedra sinica. Ephedra profile ephedra ephedra sinica, also known as mahuang, is an herbal stimulant drug composed of two active compounds pseudoephedrine and ephedrine that are ingredients in many overthecounter products. Federal register elimination of exemptions for chemical. Ephedra californica and ephedra viridis contain pseudoephedrine, but no ephedrine adams jr.
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